Our novel findings show Nnat initiates neural induction in mouse ES cells through
increasing intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) by antagonising Ca2+ -ATPase (Sarco/ Endoplasmic
Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, SERCA isoform 2, SERCA2) in the endoplasmic reticulum, which in turn
increases the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and inhibits the BMP4 pathway, leading to neural induction
in conjunction with FGF/Erk pathway (Fig. 1) (2) (for more details, please see section 3.2). Based
on this we propose that NNAT plays a similar role in hES cells.

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