The Million-Key Question – Investigating the Origins of RSA Public Keys

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Authors

ŠVENDA Petr NEMEC Matúš SEKAN Peter KVAŠŇOVSKÝ Rudolf FORMÁNEK David KOMÁREK David MATYÁŠ Václav

Year of publication 2016
Type Article in Proceedings
Conference Proceedings of 25th USENIX Security Symposium
MU Faculty or unit

Faculty of Informatics

Citation
Web https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity16/technical-sessions/presentation/svenda
Field Informatics
Keywords rsa; fingerprinting; cryptographic library; side-channel analysis
Description Can bits of an RSA public key leak information about design and implementation choices such as the prime generation algorithm? We analysed over 60 million freshly generated key pairs from 22 open- and closedsource libraries and from 16 different smartcards, revealing significant leakage. The bias introduced by different choices is sufficiently large to classify a probable library or smartcard with high accuracy based only on the values of public keys. Such a classification can be used to decrease the anonymity set of users of anonymous mailers or operators of linked Tor hidden services, to quickly detect keys from the same vulnerable library or to verify a claim of use of secure hardware by a remote party. The classification of the key origins of more than 10 million RSA-based IPv4 TLS keys and 1.4 million PGP keys also provides an independent estimation of the libraries that are most commonly used to generate the keys found on the Internet. Our broad inspection provides a sanity check and deep insight regarding which of the recommendations for RSA key pair generation are followed in practice, including closed-source libraries and smartcards.
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