Antagonism of Adenosine A1 or A2A Receptors Amplifies the Effects of MDMA on Glial Activation in the Mouse Brain: Relevance to Caffeine–MDMA Interactions
| Authors | |
|---|---|
| Year of publication | 2014 |
| Type | Article in Periodical |
| Magazine / Source | Journal of Caffeine Research |
| MU Faculty or unit | |
| Citation | |
| Web | http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/jcr.2014.0006 |
| Doi | http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2014.0006 |
| Field | Neurology, neurosurgery, neurosciences |
| Keywords | the Effects of MDMA; Antagonism of Adenosine A1 or A2A; |
| Description | 3,4-Methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘‘ecstasy’’) is a recreational drug very popular in settings such as dance parties and raves.1 MDMA is usually sold on the illegal market as tablets which, besides the drug itself, often contain several impurities, including other psychoactive substances.2 Caffeine is one of the most common of these contaminants,3–5 and this suggests that the unintentional combined consumption of caffeine and MDMA is very likely in people who take this amphetamine-related drug. In addition, the habit of consuming caffeinated beverages together with psychostimulants, to attenuate the endof- dose side effects of these drugs, has increased since the introduction of the so-called energy drinks. Because of this, the possible pharmacological interactions between MDMA and caffeine deserve full consideration. In fact, even though the harmful effects of caffeine itself are narrowed to selected categories of individuals,6 this substance can become dangerous when taken together with MDMA, as clearly demonstrated by previous studies showing that caffeine profoundly increases both the hyperthermia and tachycardia elicited by this amphetamine-related drug |
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