Phytotoxic action of naphthoquinone juglone demonstrated on lettuce seedling roots

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Authors	BABULA Petr VAVERKOVÁ Veronika POBORILOVA Zuzana BALLOVA Ludmila MASAŘÍK Michal PROVAZNIK Ivo
Year of publication	2014
Type	Article in Periodical
Magazine / Source	Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
MU Faculty or unit	Faculty of Medicine
Citation
Doi	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.08.027
Field	Physiology
Keywords	Juglone; Lettuce; Meristematic activity; Programmed cell death; Reactive oxygen species; Root
Description	Juglone, 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, is the plant secondary metabolite with allelopathic properties, which was isolated especially from the plant species belonging to family Juglandaceae A. Rich. ex Kunth (walnut family). The mechanism of phytotoxic action of juglone was investigated on lettuce seedlings Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata L. cv. Merkurion by determining its effect at different levels. We have found that juglone inhibits mitosis (mitotic index 8.5 +/- 0.6% for control versus 2.2 +/- 0.9% for 250 mu M juglone), changes mitotic phase index with accumulation of the cells in prophase (56.5 +/- 2.6% for control versus 85.3 +/- 5.0% for 250 mu M juglone), and decreases meristematic activity in lettuce root tips (51.07 +/- 3.62% for control versus 5.27 +/- 2.29% for 250 mu M juglone). In addition, juglone induced creation of reactive oxygen species and changed levels of reactive nitrogen species. Amount of malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, increased from 24.0 +/- 4.0 ng g(-1) FW for control to 55.5 +/- 5.4 ng g(-1) FW for 250 mu M juglone. We observed also changes in cellular structure, especially changes in the morphology of endoplasmic reticulum. Reactive oxygen species induced damage of plasma membrane. All these changes resulted in the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, increase in free intracellular calcium ions, and DNA fragmentation and programmed cell death that was revealed by two methods, TUNEL test and DNA electrophoresis. The portion of TUNEL-positive cells increase from 0.96 +/- 0.5% for control to 7.66 +/- 1.5% for 250 mu M juglone. Results of the study indicate complex mechanism of phytotoxic effect of juglone in lettuce root tips and may indicate mechanism of allelopathic activity of this compound.